Participants in Gamergate became known for releasing sensitive information about their targets to the public, sometimes with the intent of causing the targets in question physical harm. In the mid-2010s, the events of the Gamergate harassment campaign brought the term into wider public use. In 2012, when then- Gawker reporter Adrian Chen revealed the identity of Reddit troll Violentacrez as Michael Brutsch, Reddit users accused Chen of doxing Brutsch and declared 'war' on Gawker. Also in the late 1990s, a website called the Nuremberg Files launched, featuring the home addresses of abortion providers and language that implied website visitors should stalk and kill the people listed. One of the first documented doxing events was the publication of a 'Blacklist of Net.Nazis and Sandlot Bullies' which listed names, email addresses, phone numbers, and mailing addresses of individuals the author objected to. Outside of hacker communities, the first prominent examples of doxing took place on internet discussion forums on Usenet in the late 1990s, including users circulating lists of suspected neo-Nazis. Ĭonsequently, doxing often comes with a negative connotation because it can be a means of revenge via the violation of privacy. Hackers operating outside the law in that era used the breach of an opponent's anonymity as a means to expose opponents to harassment or legal repercussions. The term dox derives from the slang 'dropping dox', which, according to a contributor to Wired, Mat Honan, was 'an old-school revenge tactic that emerged from hacker culture in 1990s'. Essentially, doxing is revealing and publicizing the records of an individual, which were previously private or difficult to obtain. It originates from a spelling alteration of the abbreviation 'docs' (for 'documents') and refers to 'compiling and releasing a dossier of personal information on someone'. Presidential Advisory Commission on Election Integrity

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